This Paper is prepared to provide the state of the art of the seismic behavior as well as seismic design of Steel Shear Walls. This Paper contains a summary of the behavior of Steel Shear Walls under cyclic load as well as during post earthquakes. Later, one and four stories panel with and without stiffeners is studied. For this purpose, various models of such Walls are analyzed and modeled. The Result shows that ductility of the system at Nonlinear Zone is increasing and the Steel plate -against the Steel frame- has nonlinear behavior. Also, lateral drift at the Steel Shear Wall with stiffener is decreasing but lateral drift of the four stories panel at middle beams level is increasing at compared with the non stiffener Wall.

In recent years, structures are becoming taller, and high stiffness lateral load resisting systems are needed. Therefore, more attention has been paid to Shear Walls. In this paper, Steel plate Shear Walls are investigated, which are appropriate in terms of construction speed, cost, high initial stiffness, strength and ductility.A feature of these Walls is the capability of being able to create an opening at any location of the Wall, due to architectural demands, and some equations have been proposed for estimating the effect of these openings on Wall behavior. In this study, the behavior of one-story Walls due to monotonic loading has been investigated.At first, we tend to find more complete relations for stiffness and strength reduction. So, Walls with moment resisting frames, with minimum stiffness of the boundary elements of the panel (based on AISC's recommended equation), with 8 different thicknesses for the plate, 5 different panel aspect ratios and 5 different opening percentages (square opening in the middle of the panel) that have been modeled in finite element software, Abaqus, and relations for estimating stiffness and strength reduction due to that opening are proposed.The other purpose of this research is to present a method for strengthening these Walls to reach the stiffness and strength of Walls without openings after creating the opening; which is mandatory when we decide to create it after its design and construction. So, Walls with variable panel openings and dimensions, modeled in software, and their effects, were investigated.It can be concluded from the results that in the case of strengthening a Wall with an opening based on the recommended method in this research, the existence of the opening can be ignored and conventional modeling methods for Walls without openings can be used.These results are based on monotonic loading of one-story Walls, but the cyclic behavior of Walls and the effect of moments resulted from multiple stories need further study.

The Steel Shear Wall and composite Steel plate Shear Wall is introduced in recent three decade and is considered and is spread rapidly. Composite Steel plate Shear Wall which is made of a layer of thin Steel sheet with coating of reinforced concrete in one or both sides of Steel palate is considered a third generation of resistance Shear Walls against lateral loads that in addition to increasing the strength, ductility and energy absorption, it is very economical and affordable and it is used in constructing high buildings, retrofitting buildings and tanks. In this paper we have tried to examine the seismic behavior of Steel and composite Shear Walls. For this purpose several models of Steel Shear and composite Walls from one to five stories were constructed and analyzed by Abaqus software. The result show that composite Steel plate Shear Walls has more ability to absorb energy, spread produced stress to different parts of the Steel plate and ductile than Steel Shear Walls. The curve hysteresis loop of composite Steel palate Shear Walls is more stable and sustainable than Steel Shear Wall. With increasing the number of stories, the initial strength and stiffness is decreased due to increase in lateral shift but the amount of absorbing energy and ductility is increased. The force tolerance in composite Steel plate Shear Wall models is increased in comparison with Steel Shear Walls.

Steel Shear Walls that are used in two (thin and thick) forms, are innovative systems for resistance against lateral wind and earthquake loads. The thin type of Steel Shear Wall has recently attracted the researcher's interests. Due to good performance of this type of lateral resisting system (for example high stiffness, high ductility index and very much energy dissipation) it can be used for retrofitting of vulnerable structures. In this paper describing some tests on retrofitting a Steel frame by a Steel Shear Wall, the advantages and possibility of retrofitting vulnerable structures have been investigated and interaction of the frame and Steel Shear Wall at different stages of loading has been studied. In the tests it was observed that for increase in the load carrying capacity of the Shear Wall, it is better to use stiffer columns and for increase in energy dissipation, more flexible columns are required.

Composite Steel plate Shear Walls (C.S.S.W.) have been used in structures as a lateral resisting system that it's building by concrete cover on one or both sides of Steel plate. This system that identified as the 3rd version of the Shear Walls, by increasing of stiffness, ductility & energy absorption is widely used in tall building, retrofitting of structures and tanks.In this paper, evaluation of concrete layer to Steel plate thickness ratio has been investigated on C.S.S.W. behavior. In this regard, some experimental and analytical specimens involved of flexible Steel tram, Steel Shear Wall & Steel plate Shear Wall composited with reinforced concrete layer are built and tested using a rigid frame and actuator. The variable parameters on composite Shear Wall were the number of concrete layer, distance between stuts and ratio of Steel plate to of concrete layer thickness. The results show that the stiffness of composite Shear Wall has direct proportion to concrete layer thickness and has inverse proportion to distance between stuts. Increasing on proportion of thickness of Steel plate to thickness of concrete layer until optimum thickness reduced the displacement of out of plate and beyond which there would be no merit. On the other hand, usage of two concrete layers on two side of Steel plate was reduced effect of secondary bending.

This paper presents a new configuration for semi-supported Steel plate Shear Walls to increase their efficiency. For this purpose, the infill Steel plate is proposed to be a trapezoidal shape instead of a rectangular one. To find the most efficient inclination angle of lateral sides, a numerical parametric study was conducted. Five different values of inclination angle including 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 degrees were considered. Furthermore, two thicknesses of 1.75 and 2.00 mm were considered for the Steel plate. The area of the Steel plate was the same for all the models. The models were analyzed using finite element software ABAQUS. Both geometric and material nonlinearity have been considered. To validate the finite element modeling, the available experimental results were used. According to the results, comparing to the Wall with rectangular plate, the inclination angle of 60° increases the ultimate lateral strength and stiffness of the 1.75 mm-thick Walls by 46% and 66%, respectively. Furthermore, a simple approximate model is presented to calculate the load-deformation response of the proposed Wall using SAP 2000 program. Despite the simplicity of the method, the results were in good agreement with the results of ABAQUS.

One of the seismic load resistant systems is the slit Steel Shear Wall system. Using inclined slits in the plate, the performance of the strips is flexural-axial and they act as a passive damper by forming plastic deformations. In this model, by changing the length of these axial members, the yield displacement and other seismic parameters of the Shear Wall can be changed. The purpose of this study is to numerically evaluate the slit Steel Shear Wall with oblique slots and with different slit composition and end stiffener. For this purpose, after modeling validation, a parametric study was performed on the Steel Wall with different placement of different slits and end stiffeners. The reversed cyclic behavior was compared with a non-slot sample. Comparison of the results shows that despite the reduction of initial strength and stiffness in the slit model, this Wall has a better cyclic behavior and dissipated energy. The results show less resistance drop and better performance in drifts above 2%. The results also show that only by changing the location of the slots, the final strength and initial stiffness will be changed up to 19 and 25%, respectively. Using end stiffeners with higher inertia moment is one of the most effective methods to increase energy dissipation; The use of Box100 cross section as a stiffener, increases the energy dissipation up to 2 times compared to the normal sample. Overall, the performance of the Steel Shear Wall with the proposed groove shape is excellent.

Shear Walls can be designed to have sufficient bearing capacity and deformation and absorb energy due to nonlinear Shear-bending and axial load-bending, interactions. However, in the event that reinforced concrete Walls do not have sufficient seismic resistance, the effective solution is to use new composite Wall options. The use of Steel trusses, consisting of Steel columns and embedded Steel brace in the reinforced concrete Shear Wall is one of the types of composite Shear Walls. In this study, seismic behavior of composite Shear Wall with embedded Steel truss is investigated. For this purpose, various models of these Walls have been modeled using finite element method at 5, 10 and 15 storys. The influence of various factors such as bracket area, column area, and axial load ratio on the performance of this system against lateral loads is evaluated. The influence of various factors such as brace area, column area, and axial load ratio on the performance of this system against lateral loads is evaluated. The results show the Steel braces to increase lateral bearing capacity and column Steel has been more effective in absorbing energy. Axial load had a greater effect on increasing the initial hardness. But, to avoid the adverse effects on ductility behavior, the axial load ratio must be limited to the medium level.

Nowadays, Steel Shear Walls are used as efficient lateral-load-resistant systems due to their high lateral stiffness and carrying capacity. In this paper, the effect of substituting a shape memory alloy (SMA) material is investigated instead of using conventional Steel in the Shear Wall. A numerical study is conducted using finite element method (FEM) by OpenSees software. For this purpose, at first, to verify the numerical simulation, the results of the experimental data are compared with those obtained from the numerical phase. Finally, the behavior of a one-bay three-story Steel frame equipped with Shear Walls made of conventional Steel, shape memory alloy and a combination of these two materials are studied when the structure is subjected to cyclic and seismic loadings. Results indicate that the use of shape memory alloy increases the maximum deformation, the yield displacement, and also the loading capacity of the structure. Also, it decreases the residual deformation of the structure and its initial stiffness. In general, using composite materials of conventional Steel and shape memory alloy can reduce the maximum value of compression axial load of the column and, as a result, increase maximum rotation at the connections. In addition, the minimum and maximum values of base Shear occurred in the model with 50% and 25% of Ni-Ti SMA material, respectively.